Classification

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní:

Guaraní (Group I)
Guarayu (Group II): Guarayu, Pauserna, Sirionó (dialects Yuqui, Jorá)
Tupí (Group III): Old Tupi (lingua franca dialect Tupí Austral), Tupinambá (dialects Nheengatu, AKA Língua Geral as lingua franca, and Potiguára), Cocama–Omagua, Tupinikin

Tenetehara (Group IV): Akwáwa (dialects Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã), Avá-Canoeiro, Tapirapé, Tenetehára (dialects Guajajara, Tembé), Turiwára

Kawahib (Group VI): Apiacá, Kawahíb (numerous varieties; incl. Piripkúra, Diagói?), Kayabí, Karipúna, ?Uru-Pa-In

Kamayurá (Group VII)

Xingu (Group VIIIa): Anambé (of Cairarí), Amanayé, Xingú Asuriní, Araweté, Aurá, Ararandewara

Northern (Group VIIIb): Anambé of Ehrenreich, Emerillon, Guajá, Wayampi, Zo'é, Takunyapé, Urubú–Kaapor, Wayampipukú

Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a mixed language, and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani.

Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral

Karipuna language (Amapá) may be spurious.

Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi-Guarani languages.

Kamaiurá

Nuclear Tupí-Guaraní (branch) Guajá Ka'ápor Avá-Canoeiro Central (branch) Anambé, Araweté Xingú Asurini (branch) Tocantins Asuriní, Parakanã Tapirapé Peripheral Wayampi, Emerillon Kayabí, Parintintin Diasporic Tembé (Diasporic core branch) (branch) Omagua, Kokama Tupinambá Southern Sirionó, Yuki Guarayu, Pauserna Guaranian Aché Mbyá Paraguay Guaraní (branch) Xetá, Kaiowá, Ñandeva Tapiete, Chiriguano

O'Hagan (2014)^[2] proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower Tocantins and Xingu Rivers. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the Amazon River, Proto-Tupinamba expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/Araguaia River towards the Parana River basin.

Classification

See also