Margraves of Tuscany, 812–1197

Boniface I, 812–823
Boniface II, 828–834
Aganus, 835–845
Adalbert I, 847–886
Adalbert II the Rich, 886–915
Guy, 915–929
Lambert, 929–931

Boso, 931–936
Humbert, 936–961
Hugh the Great, 961–1001

Boniface (III), 1004–1011

Rainier, 1014–1027

Boniface III, 1027–1052
Frederick, 1052–1055
Matilda, 1052–1115 Beatrice of Bar, 1052–1055 (regent as mother of Frederick and Mathilda) Godfrey the Bearded, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1053–1069 (regent as husband of Beatrice and step-father to Frederick and Matilda) Godfrey the Hunchback, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1069–1076 (regent as husband of Matilda) Welf II, 1089–1095 (co-regent as husband of Matilda)

Rabodo, 1116–1119
Conrad, 1119/20–1129/31
Rampret, c. 1131
Engelbert, 1134/5–1137
Henry the Proud, 1137–1139
Ulrich of Attems, 1139–1152 (imperial vicar)
Welf VI, 1152–1160
Welf VII, 1160–1167 Rainald of Dassel, Archbishop of Cologne, 1160–1163 (imperial vicar) Christian of Buch, Archbishop of Mainz 1163–1173 (imperial vicar)
Welf VI, 1167–1173
Philip, 1195–1197

Frederick of Antioch, 1246–50 (imperial vicar)

After this, Tuscany was splintered between the competing republics of Florence, Pisa, Siena, Arezzo, Pistoia and Lucca. Since the 14th century, Florence gained dominance over Pistoia (1306, officially annexed 1530), Arezzo (1384), Pisa (1406), and Siena (1559). Lucca was an independent republic until the Napoleonic period in the 19th century.

Rulers of Florence, 1382–1569

Maso degli Albizzi 1382-1417
Rinaldo degli Albizzi 1417-1434

After the Sack of Rome, Florence overthrew the Medicis once more and became a republic until Pope Clement VII signed a peace treaty with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor who then invaded Florence and restored the Medicis.

Medici grand dukes of Tuscany, 1569–1737

Habsburg-Lorraine grand dukes of Tuscany, 1737–1801

Bourbon-Parma kings of Etruria, 1801–1807

Tuscany was annexed by France, 1807–1814. Napoleon's sister Elisa Bonaparte was given the honorary title ofGrand Duchess of Tuscany, but did not actually rule over the region.

Habsburg-Lorraine grand dukes of Tuscany, 1814–1860

Leopoldo II was driven from Tuscany by revolution from 21 February to 12 April 1849, and again on 27 April 1859. He abdicated in favor of his son, Ferdinando IV, on 21 July 1859, but Ferdinando IV was never recognized in Tuscany, and was deposed by the provisional government on 16 August. Tuscany was annexed by Piedmont-Sardinia, on 22 March 1860.

Titular Habsburg-Lorraine claimants, 1860–present

Ferdinando IV 1860–1908
Giuseppe Ferdinando 1908–1921
Pietro Ferdinando 1921–1948
Goffredo 1948–1984
Leopoldo Francesco 1984–1993
Sigismondo 1993–Present